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BIOLOGY NOTES #1 Compare an animal cell to an Island. Describe how 5 organelles are similar to components of an
Island structurally or functionally. 5
Organelles: 1.
Nucleus location in the center of the cell, appearance a big circle,
function contains DNA. The nucleus of the Island would be the mayor
and the city Council. The mayor in the city Council work in the
center of the Island together connecting all the different resources
that the island has to offer including police schools and fire
department. 2.
Cell membrane the location is out side of the cell its function is
to control what goes in and out of the cell. It is like the road
system on the Island. The road system on the Island allows only
certain cars and boats to get in. People simply cannot walk on to
Bainbridge Island they need a boat or a car. 3.
Vacuole is located inside the cytoplasm it looks like a circle with
smaller circles attached to it, its function is to store water
pigments and nutrients. The vacuole celled part is like the islands
water towers and buildings. The water towers and buildings store
water and nutrients for us to use in the future. 4.
Endoplasmic reticulum ER is a network of membranous tubules and sacs
the rough endoplasmic reticulum function is proteins synthesis, the
smoothed endoplasmic reticulum functions as lipid synthesis,
carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification. On Bainbridge Island
proteins is made by Starbucks and McDonald's and Subway for the
rough and applies the reticulum and for the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum Bainbridge Island detoxifies drugs and poisons at the
doctors office downtown. 5.
The cytoskeleton is that that work of fibers throughout cytoplasm
they are thick straight hollow tubes and function to shape and
support the cell, they provide tracks for organelles, they separate
chromosomes during cell division. On Bainbridge Island the
cytoskeleton is Comcast cable and the Internet. Comcast cable has
hollow tubes throughout the island that provide us with Internet
support and cable television that shapes and supports our
entertainment and or education. 6.
Ribosome is the smallest organelle, in cytosol it makes the proteins
for the cell. It is bound and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
and it makes proteins for export. On Bainbridge Island the Ribosome
would be the people on Bainbridge Island that work elsewhere they
are made of protein and ready for export to help other parts of
Washington state function. #2 Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. What parts are different? How are those different parts functionally significant? What are three of the key structures that they have in common? Different
parts of plant cells- plant cells have large central vacuoles. Plant
cells also have chloroplasts in animal cells do not have
chloroplasts. Functional
significance of the different parts. Plant cells store water
pigments ions and other materials in their vacuoles. Animal cells
have lysosomes to break down excess materials. Plants are immobile
so they are able to increase in size without decreasing their
survival chances. Animals need to stay mobile define their food
avoid predators and seek a mate. Plants use chloroplast to convert
the sun's rays into energy. In cytokinesis in plant cells a new cell
wall forms and in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms. Key
structures plant and animal cells have in common. Both plant
and animal cells have mitochondria. All cells need to produce a TP
as her source of energy for cellular processes and reactions. They
both have nucleus’s, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum in common. #3 Briefly describe the structure of cell membranes. Explain three ways that materials may cross the selectivelypermeable membrane. The
structure of cell membranes the cell membrane is located on the
outside of the cell. Its function is to control what goes in and out
of the cell. There are selectively permeable cell membranes that
allow only certain materials to pass through. Selectively permeable
membranes surround cell parts example vacuoles have tonal plastics.
Small nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane relatively
easily example 02. Large polar and charged molecules cannot pass
easily example starch H. Passive transport means transport without
an input of energy. Three
ways materials may cross the selectively permeable membrane include
one molecules move in and out of the cell down there concentration
gradient the difference between the concentration of a particular
molecule in one area and its concentration in and it adjacent area.
The second way is diffusion the net passive movement of molecules
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. I high rate of diffusion of hers with high
temperatures and small molecules. Osmosis is a special case of
diffusion the diffusion of water. Water moves from an area of low
salute to an area of high salute. The third way is a facilitated
diffusion use of integral or carrier proteins for diffusion. Carries
specific molecules into and out of the cell. Some proteins channels
are always open and some open and close in response to environmental
conditions examples are glucose into the red blood cells. #4 Describe the Osmosis Lab. What did you do? What did your data show? Why did some potatoes gain weight and others lose weight?
The
set up was use of Cork borer to create three approximately equal
size potato course. Way the potatoes together and record their mass
in grams. Place the potatoes in a labeled beaker with 100 mL of
water. Place the beaker in a tray on the front table. Repeat steps
one through 1-4 .2 M
sucrose, .4 M sucrose, .6 M sucrose, .8 M sucrose, and 1.0 M
sucrose. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through some I permeable
membranes. You would expect the mass of the potato to increase in
any kind of fluid but when you add sucrose and higher and higher
concentrations to the water the potato actually lost mass and
weight. The more sucrose you put in the more weight the potato lost.
If the potato was simply in water it gained mass and weight but when
you added sucrose it started to lose weight.. All
cells have
membranes that
are selectively
permeable. In
other words,
they allow
certain things
in and
certain substances
are not
allowed to
enter the interior
of the
cell. The
process by
which water
crosses membranes
from regions
of high
water concentration
to regions
of low
water concentration
is called
Osmosis. Osmosis
is the
process whereby
water moves
across a
cell membrane
by diffusion.
Diffusion takes
place when
the molecules
of a substance
tend to
move from
areas of
higher concentration
to areas
of lower
concentration. Cells
must tightly
control the
process of
osmosis otherwise
they will
die. Plants
with too
little water
will wilt.
This happens when
water moves
out of
the cells
by osmosis.
Without this
water there
is little
pressure inside
the cells
and the
plant can
no longer
support itself against
the pull
of gravity.
) #5 Compare and contrast active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis Be sure to give a specific example of each method of material transport in your answer.
Facilitated
diffusion Facilitated diffusion (also
known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated
transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane
integral proteins.[1] Being passive,
facilitated transport does not involve the use of chemical energy;
rather, molecules and ions move down their concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion is not a form of diffusion, however it is a transport process in
which molecules or ions which would otherwise cross the membrane
with great difficulty exploit transmembrane protein channels to help
them cross this membrane. Both require
transport proteins for substances to move through. But, in
facilitated diffusion use of interval or carrier proteins for
diffusion, carries specific molecules into and out of the cell, some
proteins channels are always open and some open and close in
response to environmental conditions. The direction of the movement
is still from areas of high concentration to low concentration and
therefore no energy needs to be added to the system. In active
transport, molecules can be moved against the concentration gradient
with the addition of energy to the system the movement of a
substance up a concentration gradient through a selectively
permeable membrane using ATP to drive the process. Diffusion in
facilitated diffusion move substances down a concentration gradient
and does not require the use of a ATP.. Examples of facilitated diffusion
include glucose into red blood cells. Some proteins channels are
always open and some open and close in response to environmental
conditions. . Examples of Osmosis. Reabsorption of
water by the proximal and distal convoluted to bowls of nephron.
Reabsorption of tissue fluid into the
venule ends of the blood capillaries. Osmosis is a special
case of diffusion including diffusion of water water moves from an
area of low salute to an area of high salute or put another way from
a hyposmotic to a hyperosmotic solution. Examples of active transport
reabsorption of glucose, amino acids and solves by the proximal
convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney and sodium and
potassium pump and cell membranes especially in nerve cells.
#6 What is the cell cycle? Describe the phases of the cell cycle in a plant cell. You may include labeled diagrams in your answer. Mitosis itself is
composed of four phases: 1.
prophase, in which chromosomes are condensed, homologous
chromosomes are paired together, and the spindle apparatus made of
microtubules forms 2.
metaphase, in which the paired chromosomes are lined up across the
center
of the cell on the metaphase plate 3.
anaphase, in which the homologous chromosomes are pulled to
separate poles in the dividing cell by the attached spindle
apparatus; and 4.
telophase, in which the daughter cell chromosomes are collected
together at the poles. Mitosis is followed
by cytokinesis, or the process by which the two daughter cells are
physically separated. #7 Beginning with the overall reaction for photosynthesis, describe the role of each reactant in photosynthesis, during which step it is “used,” and how each product is formed.
I. Capturing the Energy of Life A.
All
organisms require energy B.
Some
organisms (autotrophs) obtain energy directly
from the sun and store it in organic compounds (glucose)
during a process called photosynthesis 6CO2 +
6H2O + energy --> 6O2 +
C6H12O6 II.
Energy for Life Processes A.
Energy
is the ability
to do work B.
Work
for a cell includes growth & repair, active transport
across cell membranes, reproduction, synthesis of cellular products,
etc. C.
Work
is the ability to change or move matter against other forces (W
= F x D) D.
Autotrophs
or producers convert sunlight, CO2, and H2O
into glucose (their food) E.
Plants,
algae, and blue-green bacteria, some prokaryotes,
are producers or autotrophs F.
Only 10% of
the Earth’s 40 million species are autotrophs G.
Other
autotrophs use inorganic compounds instead of
sunlight to make food; process known aschemosynthesis H.
Producers make
food for themselves and heterotrophs or consumers that cannot make food for
themselves I.
Heterotrophs
include animals, fungi, & some bacteria,
& protists Photo
synthesis the process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a
usable forms of energy. Real reaction 6 CO2 +12 H2O plus light
equals C6H12O6 +6 O2+6 H2O Overall
reaction for light plus H2O equals oxygen gas and hydrogen ions H+
and electrons (-) The
role of each reactant in photosynthesis the Calvin cycle uses ATP
and an ADP H made in the light dependent reactions as energy sources
to make sugars from the CEO to the plant incorporates into the
leaves through the Stomata Describe
the role of each reactant in photosynthesis photosynthesis reactants
include light, carbon dioxide and water H2O. Cellular respiration
reactants include glucose and 02. Products for each reaction
photosynthesis products are glucose and 02. Cellular respiration
products are ATP, carbon dioxide and H2. Which
step is it used? The ATP is being used during the Calvin cycle. The
Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of our class the Calvin cycle uses
ATP and in NADPH made in the light dependent reactions as energy
sources to make sugars from the CO2 the plant incorporates into the
leaves and through the Stomata How
is each product formed? In the light reactions stage,
photosystem II starts off with electrons getting hit with light
energy, which makes them “excited” then they go through the
electron transport chain which pushes H+ from low to high
concentration. The pressure helps the H+ go through ATPsynthase
enzyme and ATP is made. Then in photosystem I, the electrons get hit
with even more light energy, and get captured by an electron carrier
NADP+. It gets reduced and is NADPH. You’re now left with oxygen.
NADPH and ATP go onto the Calvin cycle so that it can make G3P, the
sugar that produces glucose. What products are formed by
photosynthesis water glucose and oxygen #8 Compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria structurally and functionally. You may include labeled diagrams in your answer. |
